Educare Planet: 2011

CHEMICAL TESTS FOR WATER

CHEMICAL TESTS FOR WATER

Aim : To determine the Total Hardness, Alkalinity, Chlorides, TDS in water.

1. Test for Total Hardness (Hardness due to presence of calcium and magnesium)

Procedure -

Take 50 ml of water in a conical flask.

Add one total hardness indicator tablet ( Erichrome Black T indicator ) and mix well.

Add 5 drops of ammonia buffer solution and shake well.

Titrate the mixture against 0.02N EDTA ( Ethylene Diamine Tetra acetic Acid) solution.

When the colour is changed from violet to blue, stop titration and and take burette reading.

Calculation -

Total Hardness ( mg/l ) = ( Burette reading*1000 )/ sample taken

2. Test for Alkalinity

Procedure -

Take 50 ml of sample in a clonical flask.

Add 3-4 drops of methyl orange indicator and mix well

Titrate it against 0.1 N Hcl.

When colour changes from yellow to orange, stop titration and note burette reading.

Calculation -

Alkalinity (mg/l) = (Titre value*N of HCl*50*1000)/ml of sample taken

3. Test for Chlorides

Procedure -

Take 50 ml of sample in a conical flask.

Add 1 ml Potassium Chromate indicator and mix well.

Titrate against AgNO3 solution.

When a pinkish yellow colour is reached, stop titration and note the reading.

Calculation -

Chlorides (mg/l) = ( Titre value*Normality of AgNO3*35.46*1000 )/ ml of sample taken.

4. Test for Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

TDS can be checked through TDS meter and can also be checked manually.

Procedure -

Take 100 ml of water in a pre weighed beaker.

Boil the water to evaporate all the water.

Remove the beaker from fire when a little water is left in the beaker.

Keep the beaker in Hot Air Oven to evaporate rest of the water.

Take out the beaker and allow to cool.

Weigh the beaker.

Calculation -

TDS in ppm = [(W2 - W1)/ml of sample taken]*10^6

Where W1 = weight of the dry empty beaker

W2 = weight of beaker with evaporated water.

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WIND POWER PLANT

Energy is an important part of any country’s economy. Today major energy need in a country is achieved by using conventional sources of energy. It includes coal, natural gas, nuclear fuel, etc. But these sources are limited on earth . Looking towards the environment effect as thermal plant releases smoke and ash which causes air pollution. Nuclear power plant releases radioactive waste which are hazardous and cause air and land pollution. Due to these factor we concern our idea toward non conventional sources of energy. Non –conventional sources of energy are environmental friendly, easily available on earth .

Wind energy has evolved as one of the non conventional sources of energy. It is an indirect form of solar energy. Wind power plant extract energy from wind and convert it into mechanical energy which is used by turbine to convert it into electrical energy....

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Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) (Clean & Fuel Saving Technology)

ABSTRACT

Today automobiles are identified as one of the major causes of air pollution and energy depletion. Vehicles are also identified for their low efficiency in other words high-energy loss. Hybrid Electric Vehicles have the capacity to overcome these situations and bring a new revolution.

Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or indirectly provides propulsion power is a hybrid. The gasoline electric hybrid vehicle is just the required type of crossbreed between a gasoline powered vehicle and electric vehicle. Hybrid vehicles run both with a rechargeable battery as well as gasoline. In a hybrid engine, power from gasoline and power from a set of batteries transmits power to an electric motor. There are less adverse effects due to the Hybrid electric vehicles. Also the batteries used in hybrid vehicles (rechargeable Nickel metal hydride, Lead acid batteries, Lithium Polymer batteries) are disposable which will not pose any toxic hazards to the environment. The notable fact in hybrid vehicles is that the DC machine is that it can run both as a Motor as well as a generator.

In addition, hybrid vehicles make use of a system that recovers power from the momentum of the vehicle when braking. The Hybrid vehicles are complicated machines when compared to their counterparts of the gasoline-powered vehicles. But higher efficiencies, lower emissions of hybrid vehicles grabs the attention of the new ERA. The other facilities of these hybrid vehicles i.e. performance, manufacturing cost and environmental impacts are discussed in this paper...

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Solar Power Aircraft Project

The objective of Project was to design an aircraft that would fly unmanned for extended periods of time at high altitudes using solar power. Platform, payload, power sources, long flight duration, unmanned, real-time access, remote guidance and control, and cost were all considered during the design process. An altitude of more then 10,00,00 feet altitude and speed of more then 25mph is kept as target. This can be achieved by triple slotted flap wing because it increases lift and thrust of the air craft. NASA’s Helios aircraft was chosen to be the platform for the mission. The vehicle will be powered by black silicon solar panels and a high-speed flywheel for nighttime flight. The science package will include a Digital Array Scanned Interferometer (DASI), an “Airborne Real-Time Imaging System,” and an acoustic remote sensing system known as SODAR. They will be used for a variety of monitoring purposes, such as storm development, forests, and other large remote expanses to provide early warning of hurricanes, fires, or crop damage. The DASI sensor will also collect, identify, and monitor environmental data for the assessment of global change...

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Hydraulically Operated Spring Stiffness Measuring Machine

Brief Description

Stiffness of the spring means load required for unit deflection, It is also known as spring index and is main parameter for specification of springs. Springs like Compression helical spring, Tension helical spring, Leaf spring of various sizes and shapes are designed and manufactured. But to check their stiffness is very difficult unless we have such machine.

Stiffness checking machine also useful in Engineering college, Polytechnics, for laboratory experiments. Stiffness checking machine is useful for spring manufacturer as well as spring purchasers for checking the stiffness. In Industry quality control department helps much more.

Considering wide application of machine this project is taken for design the simple machine...

CONTENTS.
TITLE.
1.    Synopsis.
2.    Final project report.
3.    Brief description about project.
4.    Type of springs.
5.    Materials for helical spring.
6.    Materials for leaf spring.
7.    Hydraulic fluid.
8.    About equipment.
9.    Hydraulic circuit.
10.    Working principle.
11.    Specification.
12.    Design of various components.
13.    Power pack.
14.    Design of main frame.
15.    Design of Ram end thread.
16.    Design of Adjustable table screw.
17.    Design of hydraulic cylinder thickness, flange thickness.
18.    Design of end cover & seal box bolts.
19.    Design of table.
20.    Forward load & Return load calculation.
21.    Load/pressure graph for cylinder forward.
22.    Load/pressure graph for cylinder return.
23.    Cost estmatation,
24.    Catalogues.
    i. Hand pump.
    ii. Lever operated D.C.valve.
    iii.Pressure relief Valve.

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World Wide Web (WWW)

To understand the WWW one must first grasp the concept of a unified, collective faction. Thus to understand we must first grasp what the Internet and cyberspace actually are.... Cyberspace is the virtual world that the Internet was created and is maintained in, the term was first coined in the mid-eighties by author and visionary William Gibson, his novel Neuromancer described the future as a great collective of computers and he called this future universe CYBERSPACE. The Internet on the other hand survives in this Cyberspace by having a central backbone, to which everything travels on, one might even liken the Internet and the WWW to a human body with its central nervous system radiating out in all directions and going to the different parts of the body (or in this case computers). But how did this thing we call the Internet get started...

In the 1950's the U.S. Military was involved in the cold war with the former USSR and with the successful launch of the space shuttle sputnik, the Americans began to get frightened, if the Soviets had the power to launch a ship into space, then surely they could knock out the then existent computer that controlled the whole Department of Defense. Thus ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was created. The backbone that would form the Internet was now in place with about four mainframes linked together so that if one system was knocked out the others would still function...

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Chemical Weapon

It is time for Norwegians to get their heads out of the sand regarding chemical weapons. Declaring Norway a chemical weapons free area is an illusion. Those Soviet systems on the Kola Peninsula capable of delivering chemical weapons are not there for the amusement of Russian soldiers. Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev did not get around to discussing chemical weapons in Iceland. An American official who was there commented that there are only so many hours in a day. Another reason was that there was little public pressure. This is surprising, since a number of countries have used chemical weapons since World War II, most recently in the Iraq-Iran conflict. Furthermore, they have always been used against countries which had poor chemical defenses and little or nothing with which to retaliate. A quarter of a century ago, there were about five countries with chemical weapons. There are now about fifteen, and the number is growing...

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CIVIL RIGHTS

Civil rights are freedoms and rights guaranteed to a member of a community, state, or nation. Freedom of speech, of the press, of religion, and of fair and equal treatment are the basic civil rights. The constitution of the United States contains a Bill of Rights that describes simple liberties and rights insured to every person in the United States. Although the Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the Constitution, civil rights were not always respected to all human beings, especially women and blacks. When the constitution was first written, many Americans understood the meaning of the famous inscripture «all men are created equal» to mean that all white males were created equal, likewise with other civil rights guarantees as well. As a result, blacks were enslaved, and women were persecuted throughout the late 1700's and early 1800's. During the 1850's abolitionists in the North questioned the morality of southern slavery by writing and preaching about the rights blacks were denied. Abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison, Fredrick Douglass, and Sojourner Truth, paved the way for the first civil rights movement that occurred after the Civil War, during Reconstruction. In the 1950's and early 1960's, whites in the South lived in segregated societies, separating themselves from blacks in every humanly way possible. The old Jim Crow laws governed all aspects of their existence, from the schoolroom to the restroom. Southern blacks faced new discrimination every day whether it be economically, socially, or politically. America was destined for another, more far-reaching civil rights movement...

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Chemistry in Everyday Life

Throughout the centuries, there have been many benefits brought by chemistry to our daily living. Two significant contributions made by chemistry towards our lifestyle is the protection of our health and hygiene. The purification our water by process of chlorination, dental cleanliness from toothpaste, sterilization, the control and the cure of disease are all a part of daily living discovered and created by chemistry. These discoveries make up a major component for the protection of our health and hygiene and are vital for the future existence of mankind.

The ideal water for humans is hard water. Hard water is healthy as it consists of calcium, Ca2+, and magnesium, Mg2+, ions. Ca2+ are needed in the formation of bones and are important in the clotting of the blood and regulating the heart beat. Mg2+ are needed for making protein and for passing impulses along nerve cells. The chlorination of water for drinking makes the water safe because it rids it from the diseases which can be transmitted through it. However, ideal water isn’t necessarily pure water. Pure water is expensive to produce, is tasteless and lacks in magnesium ions. Magnesium ions reduce the incidence of the hardening of arteries and therefore is used in the protection against heart disease. The gas chlorine, Cl2, is most useful to purify water. Chlorine kills viruses and bacteria because it reacts with water to produce hypochlorous acid...

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Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great's relation to triumph is obvious, he created an army which took over most of the known world. But what is not known widely is how tragic his life was. I cannot do full justice to his life but I will do my best to describe it.

When Alexander was a child his parents were constantly fighting and his father was usually away on campaigns, so he rarely saw him when he was young. He therefore was usually under his mother's influence.

When he was a young man his father was killed and he had to take over an entire country by himself which was in very bad shape. As he grew he had to deal with disputes, revolts and cruel neighboring rivals.

When he was a grown man he killed many people, including some of his friends while in a drunken rage who had saved his life. At one point in his life he killed a life long friend while drunk and then realizing what he had done would have killed himself if his bodyguards had not restrained him. He then went into seclusion for three days. This is most likely just a small number of things that shaped Alexander the Great's life and it is likely some of the memories tormented him through most of his life. Most of Alexander's life was one big problem after another. I personally think it would have been hard to live with the blood of so many friends deaths on my hands, but maybe he could....

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The Advantages of Stupidity

Most people say being stupid will lead nowhere. They claim that it is the worst possible condition in which to spend one's life, and if possible, it should be completely avoided. They would even suggest if the symptoms of stupidity are caught in the early stages, it could easily be treated by a surgeon. The most effective method used to do this is the chainsaw technique, later described in volume two. Yet, perhaps if people took a closer look at some of the advantages stupidity had to offer, they wouldn't have such a negative attitude toward it. After reading this paper, one will understand the advantages of stupidity.

Admittedly, stupidity has certain disadvantages. Life isn't a bowl of cherries. And being stupid doesn't make it any fruitier. Being stupid can annoy even the most sensitive people. If one acts stupid, and does it in the wrong crowd, like a group of adults, it will seem more immature than funny. If one is forced to act stupid while dealing with lower life forms, for example, high school teachers, one may encounter barriers such as cruelty and insensitivity, with the utterance of statements like, "Think with your head straight!" or, "You have a brain, use it." Yet these are all true, there are still many advantages to stupidity....

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Acid Rain

Acid rain is a common term for pollution caused when sulfur and nitrogen dioxides combine with atmospheric moisture to produce a rain, snow, or hail of sulfuric and nitric acids. Such pollution may also be suspended in a fog, or the pollutants may be deposited in dry form. Environmental damage from acid rain has been reported in northern Europe and North America. High levels of acid rain have also been detected in other areas of the world, such as above the tropical rain forest of Africa. Acid rain has destroyed plant and animal life in lakes, damaged forests and crops, endangered marine life in coastal waters, eroded structures, and contaminated drinking water.....

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How to improve Concentration

"How to Improve Concentration" a good question that many people ask . Here are some techniques I found helpful.

1. Jot down things that are on your mind before you study, then set this list to the side. Add to it anything that distracts you as you are studying. Take care of the list later.

2. Study at the same time each day. A regular schedule can help you frame this as “study time”.

3. Set a timer for a particular time and don't allow yourself to stop studying until it goes off.

4. Take breaks. A three minute break for every 30 minutes of study is a good guideline. Take a longer break after 90 minutes but don't make any very long.

5. Set goals for your session that are realistic (number of problems to solve, pages to read, etc.) When you have met one of your study goals, reward yourself with a short break. Then, return to your study area.

6. Study in an area away from distractions such as a library, study lounge, or an empty classroom.

7. Make sure you have everything that you need before you begin.

8. Make sure your environment is conducive to studying, no TV, no telephone, no roommate, no boyfriend/girlfriend.

9. Make studying an active process; take notes and make review sheets. Intersperse different kinds of study into one session, e.g. reading, writing, taking notes, memorizing, etc.

10. Identify how what you are studying is relevant to your life. Draw connections between things you already know.

11. Insure that you are sleeping enough, eating well, and getting regular exercise. Your mind will be more alert, and you will be less likely to fall asleep or daydream.

After all I want to say you that there is no technique to teach you if you have not a will to concentrate. So, first of all make a will that you have to score well in the exam. In fact I want share you a small thing that when I study, I like to play song which gives me a great concentration. But don't copy it as it may disturb you.

So, thank you for reading this. I hope it may help you a little.

What is Jan Lokpal Bill

The Lokpal will be a three-member body with a chairperson who is or was a chief justice or Supreme Court judge, and two members who are or have been high courts judges or chief justices.

Lokpal Bill was for the first time presented during the fourth Lok Sabha in 1968, and was passed there in 1969. while it was pending in the Rajya Sabha, the Lok Sabha was dissolved, resulting the first death of the bill. The bill was revived in 1971, 1977, 1985, 1989, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2005 and most recently in 2008. Each time, after the bill was introduced to the house, it was referred to some committee for improvements - a joint committee of parliament, or a departmental standing committee of the Home Ministry - and before the government could take a final stand on the issue the house was dissolved. Several flaws have been cited in the recent draft of the Lokpal Bill. Meanwhile the activists of India Against Corruption (IAC) have prepared a draft for the bill called Jan Lokpal Bill.

The Lokpal Bill provides for filing complaints of corruption against the prime minister, other ministers, and MPs with the ombudsman. The Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) while recommending the constitution of Lokpal was convinced that such an institution was justified not only for removing the sense of injustice from the minds of adversely affected citizens but also necessary to instill public confidence in the efficiency of administrative machinery. Following this, the Lokpal Bill was for the first time presented during the fourth Lok Sabha in 1968, and was passed there in 1969.

A look at the salient features of Jan Lokpal Bill:

1. An institution called LOKPAL at the centre and LOKAYUKTA in each state will be set up

2. Like Supreme Court and Election Commission, they will be completely independent of the governments. No minister or bureaucrat will be able to influence their investigations.

3. Cases against corrupt people will not linger on for years anymore: Investigations in any case will have to be completed in one year. Trial should be completed in next one year so that the corrupt politician, officer or judge is sent to jail within two years.

4. The loss that a corrupt person caused to the government will be recovered at the time of conviction.

5. How will it help a common citizen: If any work of any citizen is not done in prescribed time in any government office, Lokpal will impose financial penalty on guilty officers, which will be given as compensation to the complainant.

6. So, you could approach Lokpal if your ration card or passport or voter card is not being made or if police is not registering your case or any other work is not being done in prescribed time. Lokpal will have to get it done in a month's time. You could also report any case of corruption to Lokpal like ration being siphoned off, poor quality roads been constructed or panchayat funds being siphoned off. Lokpal will have to complete its investigations in a year, trial will be over in next one year and the guilty will go to jail within two years.

7. But won't the government appoint corrupt and weak people as Lokpal members? That won't be possible because its members will be selected by judges, citizens and constitutional authorities and not by politicians, through a completely transparent and participatory process.

8. What if some officer in Lokpal becomes corrupt? The entire functioning of Lokpal/ Lokayukta will be completely transparent. Any complaint against any officer of Lokpal shall be investigated and the officer dismissed within two months.

9. What will happen to existing anti-corruption agencies? CVC, departmental vigilance and anti-corruption branch of CBI will be merged into Lokpal. Lokpal will have complete powers and machinery to independently investigate and prosecute any officer, judge or politician.

10. It will be the duty of the Lokpal to provide protection to those who are being victimized for raising their voice against corruption.

Criticism

The Lokpal bill is intended to provide the common man with direct powers to censure his/her elected representative. However, every complainant has to pay a fees and take full responsibility for leveling charges. In case the complaint is found to be baseless, punitive action extending to two years in jail and monetary fine of up to Rs.50,000 may be imposed on the complainant.

Charges of corruption in the Indian legal system are not necessarily covered only under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 but also under many other Acts, but the Lokpal restricts its ambit to the cases under this Act.

Regarding the constitution of the Lokpal, the Chairman of the Lokpal shall be from among past or present chief justices of Supreme Court. But the other two members of the Lokpal may also be from those qualified to be judges of the Supreme Court. The loose end left here makes countless many from India’s entire judiciary eligible for the post including those who are also senior party politicians with legal background.

Mediaviolence

“Monkey see, monkey do” has become a well-known saying in today’s society, but is it correct? Just sixty years ago the invention of the television was viewed as a technological curiosity with black and white ghost-like figures on a screen so small hardly anyone could see them. Today that curiosity has become a constant companion to many, mainly children. From reporting the news and persuading us to buy certain products, to providing programs that depict violence, television has all but replaced written material. Unfortunately, it is these violent programs that are endangering our present-day society.

Violent images on television, as well as in the movies, have inspired people to set spouses on fire in their beds, lie down in the middle of highways, extort money by placing bombs in airplanes, rape, steal, murder, and commit numerous other shootings and assaults. Over 1,000 case studies have proven that media violence can have negative affects on children as well. It increases aggressiveness and anti-social behavior, makes them less sensitive to violence and to victims of violence, and it increases their appetite for more violence in entertainment and in...

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Hurcules

During his life Hurcules, a great hero of Greek mythology, performed many great feats. He was very intelligent and very powerful, Greeks in general honored and admired him. Nothing that lived in the air, sea, or land ever defeated him. Hercules, a super hero figure in Greek mythology known for his unworldly strength, accomplished many great feats.

He was born in Thebes and for a long time Hercules was thought to be the son of Amphytiron, a distinguishes general, but in reality his father was Zeus. Zeus took the form of Amphytiron while he was away at war and visited Alcimenes, Hercules' mother. In earlier years Hercules was called Alcides, and had a half brother named Iphicles. The two children were clearly of different descent and it was shown by the was they stood in the face of danger. One night after their mother had given them a bath and fed them she laid them in their bed and sang a lullaby to them until they were asleep. After everyone in the house was fast asleep Hera, who despised Hercules because he was Zeus's son, sent two large snakes into the house to kill Hercules. When the snakes rose above the edge of the crib the children woke. Iphicles was terrified and tried to get out of the bed, but mighty young Hercules took a snake in each hand and held on tight. The snakes twisted and turned and wound their coils around his body, but Hercules held on to their necks until he had choked the life out of...

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Ecological Succession

The world around us is slowly and constantly changing. We might never see the small alterations happen, but many years later changes will surly be visible. Over time small changes add up and soon the whole ecosystem is different. This slow change in the land and habitat is called ecological succession. Animals, plants, and weather are some factors that cause this type of change in an ecosystem

Ecological succession begins with a pioneer community. In many cases lichens are the “pioneers.” Lichens break down rocks, making soil, so that plants can begin to grow. The process then continues on; trees grow, decay and then new trees grow back even bigger. Differences in the amount of sunlight, the amount of wind, and the type of soil all influence this changing community of organisms. The number and type of organisms change along with the habitat. Many, many years later the ecosystem becomes relatively stable. This stable condition can last for hundreds of years and is called a climax community.

Sometimes nature's power causes changes that happen more quickly, but not instantly. An example of this is repeated flooding. In some areas...

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Introduction to the Sociology

The Sociology is a common language, used by all the specialists of the social sciences. As all the contemporary sciences,build its objective starting from the reality in function of its body of hypotheses and theories, could divide in:

• Positive Social Science

• Normative Social Science

To the physicist is not necessary a lot to explain that creates a positive science, because it doesn't exist moral in physics; to the opposite, all the social lifetime is organized driven by the morals and by laws.The moral science is the science of the Law ; they intend the knowledge of the moral and juridical rules to deduce practical and juridical rules.

For the sociologist, a reprehensible conduct is as normal as an occult conduct for the society.Think about schemes, ideal types,which allow to avoid ambushes.Its a procedure preferred by the sociologists that it is an analysis of the practical implications of the Moral Theology, that take us to build a model of vision of the world and of the conduct...

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How to Prepare For Exams: Exam Preparation Tips

“How to Prepare For Exams ?” is may be the most common and important question for a student of any age. Competition has become a very important part of our lives and it is the fear of this competition that leaves us feeling unhappy, paranoid and worried. The fear of being put to test, whether through a job interview or a written examination can be quite stressful.

Each of us must understand that to fight this fear and unhappiness, we must learn to accept competition and should everything in our power to be well prepared & do our best at all times. Being well prepared can help you in bringing down your exam fears to a great extent.

And the first thing you should remember there is no short cut to success. For this reason you have to study well first of all. But the preparations are different for different types of exams. Some competitive exams need long term preparation while your school level exams may need preparation of one or two weeks.

So, here are some tips that may help you…

1. Never fear or hate exam and be confident.

Some students study well but still may be much afraid of exams and due to this reason they get distracted and won't be able to score marks. Confidence is the most essential power you should have for attaining victory. So, be confident and leave all your fears and free your mind before starting the study.

2. Plan & Create A Study Routine

Create a time table for yourself so that you can allot sufficient time of your day to studies and still have some little time for that much needed relaxation.
Divide the topics of study - decide which topics you will prepare for in the coming weeks and stick by it.
Check your written time table and see if you are being able to follow it.
Make time for going through sample question papers.

3. Be Informed

Depending on the examination, find out about the format of the question papers, the various sections, the types of questions you will be asked as well as the marks allotted for each.
Being aware of the format of the question paper will help you in being mentally prepared.

4. Revise

Keep some time, towards the end of the study period to go over and revise all that you have studied over the past weeks. Brushing up and revising can give you that much needed confidence.

5. Sit well

This is so important that you have to sit in proper manner while studying. Don't study on bed or lying on a chair instead sit straight. Keep your spinal cord straight. And try to place your legs parallel to ground, a little bit raised from the ground. Otherwise placing the legs on the ground causes ionization and induces sleep. And be alert that legs are not above the head level. This will affect the blood flow direction and causes sleepiness. It is better to place the legs almost parallel to ground but a little lower.

6. Make notes while studying.

This is a very important point. While studying make small notes and that should not be descriptive make theme brief so that you can remember all points while doing revision with the help of that note. An ideal note shall include all important formulae and figures and also other important points. It will be a lot worth if you use this not for the revision in last one or two hours than u skipping through pages of your text book. It won't take much time to go through this note and if you feel tough anywhere you can refer for that portion in text book.

7. Sleep well and Eat well.

You have to sleep well. Sleep deprivation study shows that Optimum hrs for sleep is 6hrs. Especially on the night before exam you have to sleep well, atleast 6 hours and not more than 8 hrs. Remember this will have a great effect on your exam. And have your food as in your daily diet. Don't fast on exam day. This will have reverse effect, so please have food properly. There are some food items you have to avoid and some other you have to include in your diet on exam day. And don't forget to have a glass water before you go to bed, essential to keep your brain cells charged!!!

8. Write and Present well.

The presentation is the major factor that affects your marks. Whatever you studied or prepared your marks will depend on how you present them in the answer sheet. The teachers may not be able to read all what you have written. Remember daily they are going through 30 to 40 papers. They will scan for points. So try to present answers in points. In essay questions don't forget to underline the important points. Your hand writing also affects your marks. Try to write neatly. If it is not good enough, don't worry, if you presented it in a good manner you can score more marks. And another important factor to remember, as we all know 'First impression is the best impression'. So, answer the questions you know well, first. This will create a good impression on the evaluator and though you couldn't write some last answers well, that won't deduct your mark much. And care shall be taken so that you manage time well and is able to attend all questions. If there is any question out of syllabus, you just attend it. Usually full marks are awarded for such questions.

9. Practice the previous years Question Papers.

This is also very important that you should practice the previous years Question Papers which not only helps you to revise the questions but also give some idea of the pattern of questions of the exam. Most of all, so many times we can't make all the answers just because of less of time. Practicing Question Papers with time limit will help you to understand that how to manage the time in exam hall.

10. Select a proper atmosphere for studying.

No need to explain this point. Study atmosphere has very important role. Can anyone study well while watching TV? So select a place where you feel comfortable. That is where you feel relaxed and can concentrate. And you have to make sure that while you are studying a subject you are concentrating on it only. So keep the books of other subjects away from your eyesight so that you won't be upset about the things you have to learn. And importantly it is better to study early morning when all the surroundings will be in silence and you can concentrate more. Your concentration really counts. Never place a mirror in the room such that you will ur reflection while sitting to study. This will lead to lack of concentration. And one top secret Study facing eastor more accurately North east. This will give you great positive energy and your marks will definitely increase.

Last, but not the least, be positive and believe in yourself!

And believe me you are a good student because as you are reading this, you definitely want to score good marks in your exam which is most important above all.

Wish you all the very best...

First World War

In exploring the origins of the First World War, many diverse theories have been argued to whom is primarily responsible for the commencement of World War I. Lenin indicted imperialism as the principal cause of the war. Woodrow Wilson saw the culprit in secret diplomacy. Wilhelm II blamed an anti-German conspiracy led by the English. Sir Edward Grey, the British foreign secretary quoted in his memoirs that the primary factor leading to war was the arms race. In the drafting of the Versailles treaty, the triumphant Allies bluntly asserted Germany’s responsibility. Norman Rich wondered why Germany, if it aims had indeed been so single-minded, did not start the war earlier and under more favorable odds

Bismarck, the man who led Germany throughout the 1800’s and prepared a powerful nation for the turn of the century, established economic stability and allowed the industrial sector to grow and prosper through the industrial revolution. . This Napoleanic leader unified surrounding states into a country with stable roots and a firm hold on the public sector. The stage was set for Germany to expand and rise in the ranking of a European superpower...

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Living Together

Living Together Before Marriage First, let's get some pre-conceived notions out of the way. I am not a religious zealot. I am not some pastor of a church. I am not some founder of a religious organization. I am not a preacher. I was not ordained by God. I am not a harsh judgmental person. I am however, simply 20 years old, struggling to walk with Christ, and my views come from the Bible. They were not taught to me by parents. My church did not teach me this. My youth leader did not tell me what to think. I simply sit down in the corner of my room, open up my Bible and read it, and tell people what I think; not what I FEEL is right, but what I THINK is right based on the Bible. Now let's face the subject at hand. First, I want to answer a question people may have, "Am I a bad person for living with someone before marriage?" This is not a good question to ask. It is equivalent to someone asking, "Do people sin? Can someone on this earth make it without sinning?" The answer is no. The question is not "am I a bad person?" It is "are WE bad people?" Yes we are. Christ says, "Why do you call me good? There is only one that is good. God is good." Paul later says, "For ALL have sinned. . ." People are not "basically good." It's not that you lie once or lust after someone a couple of times, or live with someone before marriage. It's that all people are corrupt. They have an inner nature to rebel aganist laws. There are two types of laws. There are God's natural physical laws (i.e. gravity, etc.), and there are God's moral laws. People's nature is to rebel against God. God says, "Don't lie." The next day, you're lying. God says, "Don't lust." Everyday you find yourself lusting. ALL people have a corrupt, evil, sinful heart. It is a constant battle with the flesh. The flesh says, "Please your body. If your happy, it's fine", but Christ says, "Love people and obey my commands." Second: I DO NOT go by these notions: "If your happy, it's okay." "We use birth control, it's fine." "I have kids; it's fine to live together." "It is a very common thing to do around here; it's fine." "People are going to do it anyway, protect yourself. . .it's fine." I think these notions are false. They go directly against the Bible, and OPPOSITE Christ. Christ says, "Don't do. Period." He does NOT say, "If you're happy. . .", "Use protection", "It's okay to live together, but make sure..." He says, "Do not. Period." But people don't like to hear that...

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Elizabeth-I Essay

In this Essay I will write about the actions taken by Elizabeth-I. Because of Elizabeth's move toward Protestantism, she faced a serious threat from Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland. The Catholic monarchs of Europe and her own Catholic subjects considered Elizabeth illegitimate and felt that Mary was the lawful queen of England, especially since she was Roman Catholic. She became the focus of many conspiracies and Elizabeth had her imprisoned. She was held captive for many years until Elizabeth ordered to have her executed in 1587, after her Secretary of State, Sir Francis Walsingham discovered the Babington Conspiracy in 1586, a plot to have Elizabeth assassinated and Mary put on the throne.

The execution solved the problem of Mary, but it also created another problem. Philip II of Spain had already been furious with England for the raids on his colonial possessions and shipping lanes. Because he was a Catholic, Mary's death gave him an added incentive to promote the war with England that had been going on since 1585 and so he sent a fleet to invade in 1588, hoping to stop the raids and restore Catholicism. However, the Spanish Armada was no match for the English and it suffered a terrible defeat in a naval battle in the English Channel, giving England Spain's place as the great colonizer of the New World. Elizabeth had another problem to face throughout her reign. Her single status often raised political concern. People wanted her to marry a strong man for guidance and so there would be an heir to the throne. Parliament even petitioned her several times to marry, but she refused replying that she intended to live and die a virgin. That she did and she became known as the Virgin Queen, and had the Colony Virginia named after her. However, she did have a number of suitors, many of whom she courted when it was her diplomatic advantage to do so. Overcoming these problems of the economy, religion, war, and public pressures, Elizabeth led England into a golden age known as the Elizabethan era. This is an age celebrated for its theater, music, literature, and natural sciences. It was also a time of expanded sea power, rising prosperity, religious tolerance, and rapid industrial growth.

Towards the end of her reign, Elizabeth's popularity declined because of heavy expenditures and abuse of royal power. Also her politics weakened, with less able advisors than her earlier ones, and there was a revolt in Ireland. Elizabeth spent the last years of her life unhappy and lonely. She died in London on March 23, 1603 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. She had no children of her own and there were no other descendants of Henry VIII, so Mary Stuart's son, James VI of Scotland, became king.

How the Dinosaurs Died

The extinction of the dinosaurs has become a never-ending discussion among people. Scientists have fought for many years about the reasons and theories on how the dinosaurs disappeared. Some of the reasons for the extinction of the dinosaurs are that they died in a meteorite impact, small mammals ate their eggs, a world-wide flood wiped them out. They could not cope with their environment, and they might have had slipped disks. There have been at least 55 theories that have been suggested and thrown out because of problems. Whenever a scientist comes up with a theory, he must be able to prove or explain how it happened. A theory that works for large animals usually does not work for the small animals or sea creatures. Scientists agree that whatever happened to the dinosaurs must have effected the whole world. When the birth rate fails to keep up with the death rate, we get extinction. Paleontologists divide extinction into two types: background extinction and mass extenuation. Background extinction is when isolated species disappear due to a variety of causes such as out competition, climate change, and depletion of their resources. Mass extinction is when large numbers of spices go extinct, when many types of spices go extinct, it effects the entire earth, and it all happened in a short time. Some scientists think the dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago in the Cretaceous period. Biblical records show that the earth is about 5,000 years old. The timeline of how old people think the earth is and how old the Bible says it is are different. The latest theory suggests that the...

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Drug Abuse

Drug abuse most often refers to the use of drugs with such frequency that it causes physical or mental harm to the user and impairs social functioning, according to the definition stated in "Software Tool works Encyclopedia". This term also refers to the use of a drug prohibited by the law, regardless of whether it was actually harmful or not. Although the term seems to imply that users abuse the drug they take, in fact, it is themselves or others they abuse by using it. Therefore, the preferred term ought to be "self abuse". Since there are lots of individuals who associate the term drug abuse with what the law principles are, and what potential punishment will be applied for not complying with principles of such law those individuals should be able to recognize differences in the meaning of a common term. In order to ease such recognition let's make a shift in terms and distinguish between them.

A person voluntarily commits to use any prohibited by law drug. Despite the consequences of such action, the person continues using it. Eventually, some type of physical or mental harm occurs within that person's body, thus, the occurrence of changes in health is the result of one's free choice. Any of the above stages can be easily applied into mother-child scenario....

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Leonardo Da Vinci

Leonardo Da Vinci is one of the greatest and most ingenious men that history has produced. His contributions in the areas of art, science, and humanity are still among the most important that a single man has put forth, definitely making his a life worth knowing.

Da Vinci, born on April 15, 1452, is credited with being a master painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, and scientist. He was born an illegitimate child to Catherina, a peasant girl. His father was Ser Piero da Vinci, a public notary for the city of Florence, Italy. For the first four years of his life he lived with his mother in the small village of Vinci, directly outside of the great center of the Renaissance, Florence. Catherina was a poor woman, with possible artistic talent, the genetic basis of Leonardo’s talents. Upon the realization of Leonardo’s potential, his father took the boy to live with him and his wife in Florence (Why did). This was the start of the boy’s education and his quest for knowledge. Leonardo was recognized by many to be a “Renaissance child” because of his many talents. As a boy, Leonardo was described as being handsome, strong, and agile. He had keen powers of observation, an imagination, and the ability to detach himself from the world around him. At an early age Leonardo became interested in subjects such as botany, geology, animals (specifically birds), the motion of water, and shadows (About Leonardo)...

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Dangers of Pesticides

This paper includes an introduction on the dangers of pesticides and how to prevent them from getting into your families food. This paper will explain how to reach someone who has the skills to treat certain diseases, insects, nematodes, weeds and other pesticides. I also included different sections on how to control specific pests, and provided recommendations for management and control of major pest problems.

The subjects that I will cover are; How to Get Help with a Pest or Pesticide Management Problem, Alternative Pest Controls, Integrated Pest Management, Pesticide Management, Pesticide Applicator Certification and Training, Pesticide Laws, Regulations and Restrictions, The Virginia Pesticide Control Act of 1989, Responsibilities Of Certified Applicators, The Hazard Communication Standard, Groundwater Restrictions, Endangered Species Pesticide Use Restrictions, Guidelines for Disposal of Pesticides and Empty Containers, Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural Pesticides, Pesticides Use Precautions, Warnings on the Safe and Proper Use of Pesticides and How to Store Pesticides Wisely- A Suitable storage site for pesticides.

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Essay on Communism vs. Democracy

The United States of America is a country that believes in democracy and has unfavorable ties with communist countries. The United States has tried for decades to improve relations with the countries that don’t practice democracy. History shows disagreements between the United States and dictators of these irreverent countries, disagreements that brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. The most recent of these confrontations involved three countries. United States of America, Cuba and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR).

Fidel Castro is a Cuban revolutionary, who took control of Cuba in 1959 and established a Communist dictatorship. Castro, who was born in Mayari, became the leader of an underground, anti-government faction. In 1956, he led a rebellion that won increasing popular support. Eventually Castro forced Batista y Zaldivar, who was the premier of Cuba to flee the country. Once in power Castro executed and imprisoned thousands of political opponents, nationalized industry, collectivized agriculture, and established a one-party socialist state. In the early 1960’s Castro openly embraced Communism and formed close ties with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR), relying on Soviet economic and military aid approving limited economic reforms that legalized some free enterprise....

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